Origin Of The Archipelago Nation

HISTORY OF CULTURE | Origin Of The Archipelago Nation  | If you look at evolutionary tree of Human Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups, Noah's family thought the U.S. comes from IJK haplogroup, which is the base of the branching descendants of Shem son of Noah (haplogroup IJ) and Japheth son of Noah (haplogroup K). Thus the descendants of Prophet Adam who survived the flood of Noah, derived from eight communities, namely haplogroup A, B, C, D, E, G, H and IJK.

THE BALI KINGDOM

HISTORY OF CULTURE | THE BALI KINGDOM  | The first inhabitants of the island of Bali is expected to come in 3000-2500 BCE who migrated from Asia Remains of stone tools from this period found in the village Cekik located in the western part of the island. Prehistoric times and then ended with the arrival of Hinduism and Sanskrit writings from India in 100 BC

SELAYAR ISLAND - SULAWESI

HISTORY OF CULTURE | SELAYAR ISLAND | That afternoon was graced with clear skies without a single cloud. The seas were at low tide and we strolled the beach, stumbling occasionally accross unique sea creatures. The skies turned crimson at 6 PM with the sun setting between the tree tops at the isthmus. In a brief moment, stars glittering across the night skies. The libra constellation formed a square like a kite without strings gliding across the firmament. The pounding of waves and the silence of the night turns into Bira Beach’s signature feature.

Transfortatioan In The Ancient Times

HISTORY OF CULTURE | Transfortatioan In The Ancient Times | Means of transportation in ancient times are still very simple. On the river, lake or sea used boats in various sizes and models, made of bamboo and wood materials, etc., transportation on land use elephants, camels, horses, donkeys, cows and buffalo, either directly or by pulling a train of vehicles, cart or the like. 

WONG OSING TRIBE

 

HISTORY OF CULTURE | WONG OSING TRIBE | Using Spare history begins at the end of the Majapahit rule around the year 1478 AD Civil war and the growth of Islamic kingdoms in particular accelerate the fall of the Majapahit Empire of Malacca. After his downfall, majapahit people to flee to some place, ie the slopes of Mount Bromo (Tengger Tribe), Blambangan (Using Tribe) and Bali. The closeness of this history is seen from the pattern of life which still implies Tribe Using Majapahit culture. Blambangan kingdom, which was founded by community Osing, is the last kingdom patterned like the Hindu-Buddhist kingdom of Majapahit. They strongly believe that even the National Park Alas Purwo is the last stop where the people who shy away from the rush of the Majapahit kingdom of Mataram.

In the history of Islamic Mataram kingdom was never plugged his reign over the Kingdom Blambangan, it is this which causes people Using culture has significant differences compared to the Javanese. Using the tribe has a large enough proximity with the Balinese, it is very terluhat Gandrung of traditional art that has similarities with traditional Balinese dances, including dances and clothing are also musical instruments. Another similarity is reflected in the architecture of the building between the Tribe and Tribal Using Bali which have many similarities, especially in the decorations on the roof bangunan.Puputan is the last war until blood efflux as a last attempt to defend themselves against enemy attack larger and stronger. This tradition has been sparked great battle called Bayu Puputan in 1771 AD WAR HISTORY BAYU are rare in the history of exposure by the media so it's like drowning.

In subsequent developments, after officials managed to move to Bali Majapahit and building the kingdom there, Blambangan, politically and culturally, to be part of Bali or, as termed by some historians, "under the protection of Bali". However, in the year 1639, the kingdom of Mataram in Central Java Blambangan conquer the assistance that is not even got a bit of Bali claiming heavy casualties; Blambangan not a few people were killed and discarded (Gde Haal, as quoted by Anderson, 1982; 75). In the power of this population Blambangan Mataram began Islamised, a lot of influence cultural development in the future in shaping the social structure and culture. Scramble Blambangan by Mataram and Bali continue and take turns until the end when the master had occupied Blambangan VOC in 1765.

Blambangan seem relatively less to show its strength, in the Dutch colonial period, he actually shows his perseverance against the dominance of VOCs. Battle after battle occurred between the people against the colonial Dutch Balambangan. Until finally culminating in a major war in the year 1771-1772 under the leadership of Mas Rempeg or Prince Jagapati known as Bayu Puputan war. This war has ravaged the people succeeded Balambangan and leaving only about 8,000 people (Ali, 1993:20). However, it seems people remain unyielding Balambangan. The wars of resistance, although smaller, continues to occur until decades later (1810), led by Bayu troops remaining, ie those who by the Dutch dubbed the 'people Bayu wild' (Lekkerker, 1926:401 - 402; Ali, 1997:9). Once you can destroy the fort Bayu, the Dutch government to concentrate in Banyuwangi and raised Mas Alit as the first regent of Banyuwangi.

Blambangan was never separated from the occupation and colonization outside parties, and in 1765 no less than 60,000 fighters were killed or missing Blambangan to defend its territory (Epp, 1849:247). Anderson (1982:75-76) describes that how the Dutch do not bertara cruelty while mastering Blambangan especially in the years 1767-1781. With reference to written records of Bondowoso Bosch, Anderson said: "This is probably the only one in the whole of Java that had once been densely populated which completely destroyed ...". 

Occupation and conquest that repeatedly turned out to actually make people more patriotic Blambangan resistance and have a very strong spirit. Cortesao, as quoted by Herusantosa (1987:13), referring to Tome Pires, called "the people Blambangan as people who have the nature of" warlike ", warlike, and always ready for combat, always wanted and tried to liberate their territories from other parties of power" . Scholte (1927:146) states: 

"History Balambangan very sad. Blambangan tribes continued to decrease since been killed by the forces of successive hit the area, such as the power of Mataram, Balinese, Bugis and Makassar, the robbers China, and finally VOCs. But the spirit of the people Blambangan never completely extinguished, and his descendants are now a nation of gallant tribe physical and personality as well as growing rapidly, hold fast to tradition, but also easy to accept the new civilization ". People Blambangan, such as those mentioned in various sources above, that which has been declared as a forerunner of Using wong or wong Blambangan remnants.

Wakatobi National Park - East Sulawesi

HISTORY OF CULTURE | Wakatobi National Park - East Sulawesi | Marine waters of eastern Indonesia today is still the world's best coral triangle.One is the Wakatobi National Park in Buton regency, Southeast Sulawesi. In the region, algae, shrimp, and plankton are abundant. When on land apply the adage, "where there is sugar, there's ants," then prevailing in the sea is "plankton where there is, there will gather a lot of fish".

It is not surprising that the area be the location of "favorite" in search of some fish species feed. One type of fish that frequent travel to Wakatobi is the sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus). The giant mammals are known to move around the place while looking for food, between the Indian Ocean to the Pacific Ocean.Perhaps because of his large size, the pope took the feed in large numbers anyway.

 

Typically, a herd of sperm whales in the Wakatobi in November, while the other hemisphere frozen. In the month of Wakatobi relatively warmer waters and abundant food that could satiate the stomach herd of whales. At that moment, the sea monster assembled. Why is it called the sea monster? Because the sperm whale with characteristics similar to sperm-shaped white dots on the head was included in the order Cetacea, which in Greek means the sea monster.

In addition to sperm whales, the waters of Wakatobi is also inhabited by other sea monsters. For example, stingrays Manta (Manta ray) are classified as body size and shape of a giant sea monster. Manta rays are one type of fish that distinctive and unique, which is only found in tropical waters.

According to the results of scientific surveys FDC-IPB in 1994, Wakatobi archipelago is one of the best diving in Indonesia with a diversity of coral reefs and fish are high. On that basis, through the Minister of Forestry No.393/Kpts-V/1996, Wakatobi island designated as national parks. Therefore, be Wakatobi as a nature conservation area which has a native ecosystem, managed by the zoning system is utilized for the purpose of research, science, education, culture, tourism, and recreation (Article 14 of Law No. 1 point. 5 of 1990).

Concerning marine biodiversity, scale and condition of coral, Wakatobi occupies one of the positions of the highest priorities for marine conservation in Indonesia.It is also an important part in a network that meets each of Marine Protected Areas along the coast of southeast Sulawesi. With a total area reached 1.39 million hectares, this park includes the islands-scented fragrance, Kaledupa, Tomia, and Binongko.

Wakatobi National Park has the potential of marine natural resources that both types of high value and uniqueness, with amazing underwater panorama. In general, the waters of the sea has a configuration of the starting flat to sloping towards the sea, and in some areas there is a rugged steep waters. Varying water depths. The deepest reaches 1044 meters with most of the sandy bottom and rocky.

Wakatobi has 25 pieces of coral reef with a circumference of the coast of the islands along the 600 km. More than 112 coral species from 13 families in whom Acropora formosa, A. hyacinthus, Psammocora profundasafla, Pavona cactus, Leptoseris yabei, Fungia molucensis, Lobophyllia robusta, Merulina ampliata, Platygyra versifora, Euphyllia glabrescens, Tubastraea frondes, Stylophora pistillata, throchelliophorum Sarcophyton, and Sinularia spp.

According to official sources in the Ministry of Forestry, Wakatobi least inhabited by 93 species of food fish and ornamental fish trade, among other spots argus (Cephalopholus argus), takhasang (naso unicornis), pogo-pogo (Balistoides viridescens), napoleon (Cheilinus undulatus), fish red (Lutjanus biguttatus), rabbitfish (Siganus guttatus), Amphiprion melanopus, Chaetodon specullum, Chelmon rostratus, Heniochus acuminatus, Lutjanus monostigma, Caesio caerularea, and others.

In addition there are several species of sea birds such as goose-stone brown (Sula leucogaster plotus), kettle melayu (Charadrius peronii), erasia kingfisher (Alcedo atthis), also there are three types of turtles that often landed on islands in the Park is hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata), turtle jar (Caretta Caretta), and fission turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea).

The indigenous people who live around this park is a sea or a tribe called the Bajau tribe. According to ancient Chinese and European explorers, boating humans are capable of exploring the Islands Merqui, Johor, Singapore, Sulawesi and the Sulu archipelago. From the overall boating humans in Southeast Asia that still have a boating culture is traditional Bajau tribe. Their daily life is quite unique and interesting, especially their ability to dive to the bottom of the ocean without diving equipment and tools to spear fish.

Hoga Island (Resort Kaledupa), Binongko Island (Resort Binongko), and Resort Tamia, is an attractive location to visit, especially for diving, snor- rivet, marine tours, swimming, camping, and cultural tourism. The best season to visit this island was in April s / d in June and October / December each year.

To reach the site, visitors can depart from Kendari to smells with fast boats that operate regular twice daily, with a long trip or five hours every day with a wooden boat for 12 hours. From smells to Lasalimu visitors can ride four-wheeled vehicle for two hours, then climb aboard the fast-Wanci Lasalimu for an hour or Lasalimu-Wanci wooden boat for 2.5 hours. Wanci was first enters the gates of Wakatobi National Park area.

Baluran National Park - East Java

 

HISTORY OF CULTURE | Baluran National Park - East Java | Baluran National Park can be reached from Surabaya, in East Java along the northern coast towards the east, crossing the city: Pasuruan, Probolinggo, Situbondo and after Banyuputih, headed keselatan (do not hold ketimur kedesa room) and before the village Wongsorejo, on S7.921850 - E114. 387 667 turns left toward the Visitor Center (S7.920333 - E114.388017). Visitors must pay an entrance fee of Rp 6,000 .- per car and Rp 2,500 .- per person. There are two places accommodation (guest house) in-Bekol (S7.838217 - E114.439150) and the section on the beach-Bama (S7.844667 - E114.459633).

This was the widest expanse of savanna in the island of Java, make you who visit here feel like in Africa. You will be presented at Baluran natural real amazing when hundreds of deer running towards the pool of water, the male peacock spread its tail to attract the attention of the females, dozens of very large buffalo, several dozen eagles foraging, langurs and macaques. Not to mention the trees that resemble typical Baluran areca nut trees and fruit of a lifetime as much as 1 ton for later died. Pilang a white trunked trees and lush, if you observe carefully the tree-like in the movie "Avatar" and similar trees that shade of banyan Bekol filled with magical nuance. 

Baluran National Park located in District Banyuputih, Situbondo, East Java Province. Northern boundary is the Madura Strait, east of the Strait of Bali, south of the River Bajulmati, and west of the River Klokoran. Air temperature 27 ° - 34 ° C, rainfall 900-1600 mm / year, altitude 0-1247 masl, the geographic location 7 ° 29 '- 7 ° 55' S, 114 ° 17 '- 114 ° 28' E, and extent reached 25,000 ha. In the middle of this area are Mount Baluran who were no longer active.

Baluran National Park is representative of specific dry forest ecosystem on the island of Java, the type of vegetation consists of savannah, mangrove forest, monsoon forest, beach forest, lower montane forests, swamp forest and evergreen forests throughout the year. Approximately 40% of savannah vegetation types dominate Baluran National Park area. Black soil of alluvial and volcanic soils that cover approximately half the area of ​​low land area, overgrown with grass savanna. This area is very fertile region, rich in diversity of food for grazing species. 

Monsoon type of climate is influenced by the east wind dried. Rainfall ranges from 900-1600 mm / year and temperatures between 27 ° - 30 ° C with dry months per year on average 9 months. Between August and December wind was blowing pretty hard from the south. The rainy season in November-April, while the dry season in April-October with the highest rainfall in the month of December to January. But in fact, these estimates often change according to global conditions that affect. 

In the dry season ground water in the soil surface becomes very limited and water supplies in some of these springs to be reduced. In rainy weather, the black soil can be penetrated very little water so that water flowed on the surface of the soil, forming a lot of puddles, especially in the south of the area that connects Talpat with Bama. 

When you come during the rainy season the plants and the water is abundant, so that the occupants of the park such as Bull and Buffalo Wild chose to go into the interior garden of the face to face with the visitors. But some groups of deer, peacock, pheasant and other beburungan can be enjoyed. 

Plants that exist in this park as much as 444 species, of which there are native plants that are distinctive and attractive widoro bukol (Ziziphus rotundifolia), neem (Azadirachta indica), and Pilang (Acacia leucophloea). Widoro bukol, neem, and Pilang is a plant that is able to adapt in a very dry conditions still look green even though other plants have withered and dry. Other plants such as walnut (Aleurites moluccana), gebang (Corypha utan), api-api (Avicennia sp), tamarind (Tamarindus indica), gadung (Dioscorea hispida), kendal (Cordia obliqua), Burn (Syzygium polyanthum), and bulging (Sterculia foetida). 

There are 26 species of mammals in between banteng (Bos javanicus javanicus), wild buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), ajag (Cuon alpinus javanicus), barking deer (Muntiacus muntjak muntjak), deer (Cervus timorensis deer), leopards (Panthera pardus weld), deer (Tragulus pelandoc javanicus), and cat mangrove (Prionailurus viverrinus). Animal bull mascot is typical of Baluran National Park. In addition, there are about 155 species of birds including rare among them like a kite fire (Hirundo Rustica), red jungle fowl (Gallus Gallus), kangkareng (Anthracoceros convecus), hornbill (Buceros rhinoceros), tuwuk or tuwur asia (Eudynamys scolopacea ), peacock (Pavo muticus), and stork barrels (Leptoptilos javanicus). 

There are 155 species of rare birds such as Swallow tail needle (Hirundapus caudutus), Banteng (Bos javanicus), Dhole (Cuon alpinus), Deer (Muntiacus muntjak), Bird peacock (Pavo muticus), forest Chicken (Gallus sp.), Leopards (Felis pardus), mangrove Cat (Felis viverrina) and others.

Carstensz Pyramid - South Papua

HISTORY OF CULTURE | Carstensz Pyramid - South Papua | Carstensz Pyramid, Puncak Jaya called by some, and Puncak Jaya Jaya Kesuma Kesuma or only by others, located to the west of the central plateau called Jayawijaya Mountains and the Sudirman. This is the highest mountain in Australia and Oceania.Technically this means that Carstensz Pyramid is the highest mountain between America and the Himalayas. Illustration map of Glacier. Name Carstensz Pyramid read - Puncak Jaya Kesuma.

"Anyone who has ever seen Carstensz Pyramid miss such a beautiful woman he was flirting. You while remaining mysterious. Occasionally it shows you all the beauty, only to be covered in a veil of mist a minute later. It is provocative but is reached. It makes you miserable and restless, like us "

Officially, he took the name of the inventor - John Carstensz, which is a Dutch sea-farer. In 1623 he brought news to Europe about the rights of mountain snow at the equator, but no one believed him. He was the first European to see the Carstensz Pyramid with his own eyes. 

Indonesian communists called Puncak Jaya (victory peak), although the name is different from that considered to belong to the highest summit (Nga Pulu). Yet another name for Carstensz Pyramid is also often used, is Jaya Kesuma. This name is used in books published by Mapala University. However, today Indonesia using a (somewhat inconsistently) both the name of the mountain - Carstensz Pyramid and Puncak Jaya. 

Sometimes you can run to the misspelled "name" is used when referring to the Carstensz Pyramid, this includes Karstens, Carstens, Carstenz, Carstenzs, Carstesz, Carstes, Carstez, Karstensz, Karstenz, Karstesz, Karstes, Karstez or Pyramid.However, all this is a typo. The only correct name is the Carstensz Pyramid.Sometimes, a second name for Carstensz Puncak Jaya is misspelled and follow the wrong form is used as a substitute: Peak or Peak Jaia Jaja. The most common is undoubtedly a typo Karstens and Carstens. The former type derived from the name of the inventor of the Carstensz Pyramid, which is sometimes spelled as January Karstens. 

Question of the Carstensz Pyramid 's height 

Officially recognized high Carstensz Pyramid is 4884 m (16,023 feet some sources claim 16,013 feet). Despite so many sources still claimed its peak is 5030 meters (16,503 feet). Australia's air navigation map excerpts 16,503 feet (5030 meters).However, in 1994, the height of the world recognized publisher of maps and guides from Verlag noted in the "Ost Indonesien" map altitude 5030 m. 

All of our equipment (both altimeter and GPS 's) show a lower height than 5000 meters (16,400 feet) at the top of Carstensz Pyramid. Therefore, in line with other leading mountain climbers, we show the official 4884 meter high Carstensz Pyramid (16,023 feet) However, we are still unsure about the reasons behind the air navigation map and the wrong Verlag .. 

Mountain snow on the equator " 

Carstensz Pyramid - Top Central 

Carstensz Pyramid - Puncak Jaya (4884 m, 16,023 ft), Puncak Mandala (4640m, 15,223 ft), and Trikora Peak (4730m, 15,518 ft), are the three highest and most famous mountains west of Papua. Carstensz Pyramid is the highest of them, and it belonged to Snow Mountains (Mountains Maoke in local language). They are located in the highlands of west central Jayawijaya.

The legendary tropical Snow Mountains are located in the middle of endless forests in West Papua. They are the logical end of Cembalo Plato. Of the three mountains, the only Carstensz Pyramid belongs among them. Although Snow Mountain massif is not too high, and it lies 4 degrees south of the equator, it contains four relatively large glaciers. Biggest of them is not the Carstensz Glacier, but extends the outskirts of the Nga Glacier Island peak (4862 m, 15,951 ft). Some people call it the peak Puncak Jaya Indonesia, for long regarded as the highest peak in Papua. 

And where the name comes from the Snow Mountains "Not only glacier on the summit, but the reason is also the fact that there is an unusual snow storm tropical snow often. Bringing snow to the area located as high as 4,000 m (13,123 ft). 

Carstensz Pyramid wall is about 500-600 meters (1640-1968 ft) high. At the top is traversed by a giant ledge, where for large culoars go. The bottom of the wall - approx. 300 m (984 ft) is "neat" bent at an angle of 10-15 °. The top of the wall is approx. 80 m (262 ft), and nearly vertical. The top of Carstensz Pyramid crista most rugged and open. Some climbers say that the wall of Carstensz Pyramid is as sharp as glass, and they are not far from the truth.

PAMONA TRIBE - South Sulawesi

HISTORY OF CULTURE | PAMONA TRIBE - South Sulawesi | Pamona tribe, or often called Poso tribe, inhabiting almost all districts of Poso, Tojo Una-Una, Morowali, even South Sulawesi (North Luwu). While a small part of life wander in various regions in Indonesia. If there is a tribe in an area Pamona, Poso Pillars are usually always there, the container assembly of the tribe to do the activities in the area. Religious affiliation of nearly all members of this tribe are Christians.

 

Christianity entered the area about 100 years ago and until now accepted as a popular religion. Now all like-minded churches to this church shelter under the auspices of the organization's central Sulawesi Christian Church (GKST), based in Tentena, Poso district, Central Sulawesi. Most of the people's daily use of language Pamona (Bare'e) and Indonesian language with local language style. They work as farmers, civil servants, Pastor, entrepreneur, and others.

Real interest is not synonymous with ethnic Pamona Poso Poso Because in principle there is no tribe. That there is an area called Poso, inhabited by a tribe of Pamona. The word "Poso" itself in Pamona language means "broken". Origin of the name of Poso, which means broken, supposedly starting from the formation of Lake Poso. That said, Poso lake formed from a slab of hilly land, where under the slab of the hill there is a spring. Lowlands around the hill is, so that the flow of water from the mountains of gathered around the hill.

Stagnant water eroded the soil around the hill so the longer the water is sipped into the ground, met with the water in the bowels of the earth. The result is abrasion is the cause of volatility in the structure that is rather sandy soil. Gradually the outskirts of the hill no longer hold back the hill on which the load, resulting in rupture of the bottom of the hill came in, fell into the pool of spring water under the hill, thus forming a small lake. For the people of the era Pamona tribe narrated this incident as an outbreak of the mountain that forms the lake, so dinanai "Danau Poso" the newly formed lake, more and more enlarged, because the springs in the mountains surrounding the lake to flow towards the new. As a result, lake water discharge from time to time continue to rise, so that its surface area to be so wide. accordance with the properties of water are always looking for the lowlands, then at a certain altitude, tebentuklah sebua river that leads to the sea shore of the lake as a result could no longer accommodate the flow of water. Because the river comes from the Poso lake, then the new river, named the same name, namely Poso (Poso river). New river estuary which formed was then inhabited by some residents, because in the new river was there a lot of fish. Collection of new settler population was then named the village with the same title, namely Poso.

Dero dance, or Madero is a dance popular among the Tribe Pamona. This dance is held at folk festivals. Usually performed by young people. Circular dance performed by holding hands, while unrequited rhyme cheerful music lacks. Some areas in Palu prohibit activities or Madero Dero dance because it is often triggered fights among youths who fought the attention of the girls.

Following the customs of Europeans who have a family name or clan or family name, then the Pamona people also have clans like the following:

Banumbu, Bali'e, Baloga, Betalino, Beto, Botilangi, Bulinde, Bungkundapu, Bungu, Buntinge, Gilirante, Gimbaro, Gugu, Gundo, Kampindo, Kalembiro, Kalengke, Karebungu, Kayori, Kayupa, Kogege, Kolombuto, Kuko, Langgari, Lambangasi, Labiro, Liante, Lu'o, Lumaya, Manganti, Meringgi, Mossepe, Mowose, Nyolo-nyolo, Nggau, Nggo'u, Nua, Nyaua, Pakuli, Palaburu, Parimo, Paroda, Pasunu, Patara, Pebadja, Peninnah, Penyami, Pesudo, Poa, Pobonde, Podala, Purasongka, Pusuloka, Rampalino, Rampalodji, Rantelangi, Rare'a, Ruagadi, Rubo, Ruutana, Sancu'u, Sawiri, Sigilipu, So'e, Sowolino, Tabanci, Tadalangingi, Talasa, Tarante, Tasiabe, Tawuku, Tawurisi, Tekora, Tepara, Tiladuru, Tobondo, Tolimba, Toumbo, Ule, Ululai, Warara, Werokila nce'i to mori, Wuri, Wutabisu, etc..

THE BANGKA ISLAND

HISTORY OF CULTURE | THE BANGKA ISLAND | Bangka Island is one of the areas under the authority of the Sultanate of Palembang, since the collapse of the power of the Sultanate of Palembang and Bangka territory handed over to the UK in 1812. In 1814, the British government of the island of Bangka bartered with Cochin in India, which had belonged to the Dutch. During World War 2 pemerintahJepang the winner at that time controlled the island of Bangka tahun1942 to 1945.

After the Japanese in 1945 surrendered unconditionally to the Allies as well as almost all parts of Indonesia experienced a power vacuum, then the island of Bangka after the proclamation of independence became part of Indonesia in 1949. The island of Bangka Belitung island along with initially a part of South Sumatra province through 2000 after a change in the political map of Indonesia and the upheaval in 1998 that led to the fall of the Suharto regime, at the insistence of the people on the island of Bangka and Belitung islands later in the year 2000 Bangka and Belitung islands then passed as an escape from the province and South Sumatra and passed into a province called Bangka Belitung Islands.

Sriwijaya
Historical records reveal that under the Bangka Island during the Srivijaya empire once inhabited by Hindus in the 7th century and Bangka island as well as an area including the subject of a great empire. Aside from being a territory of Sriwijaya, Bangka Island was also the region kekausaan some great empire of Majapahit kingdom of Java such as when it was under the rule of King Hayam Wuruk with companion mahapatih Gajah Mada and the kingdom of Mataram was recorded as well as the kingdoms that once ruled the island of Bangka.

But both in the kingdom and the Majapahit kingdom Sriwijawa nor Mataram Bangka island received less attention, although the location is very strategic in the middle of the cruise line international trade traffic. Only after the trade of mainland Asia and Europe are competing to the Indonesian island of Bangka began to attract attention, after the discovery of spices. Lack of attention to the islands of Bangka and Belitung cause many pirates who made the island of Bangka and Belitung used as pirate hideouts that have an impact on the misery for residents.

Sultanate of Johor
To overcome the chaos and security around the Strait of Malacca shipping, then the Sultan of Johor by the allies and the Raja Alam Sutan Garang Tigers rally the troops to this island. After the liberation mission of the islands of Bangka and Belitung Island did well, the Sultan of Johor and its allies also developed a position of Islam in their respective places and Bangkakota Kotawaringin. But unfortunately this did not last long, then go back into the nest of the Pacific island of pirates.

Sultanate of Banten
Because he felt aggrieved by not amanya also cruise around the waters of Malacca, especially around the island of Bangka and Belitung, especially after they take away from the ships of the merchants of the Sultan of Banten Banten sent Regent archipelago to exterminate pirates operating around the island them. Having both is successfully controlled puleu then Regent ruled the archipelago for some time with the title of Viceroy of Bangka. It is told also that the Commander of Banten, Ratu Bagus who was forced to withdraw from pertikaiannya with the Sultan of Palembang, Bangka toward the city and died there.

After Regent archipelago's death, power passed into the hands of his only child and because her daughter is married to the Sultan of Palembang, the Sultan Abdurrachman then by itself the island of Bangka and Belitung back into power Palembang sultanate of years (1659-1707).

Sultanate of Palembang
In 1707 Sultan Abdurrachman died, and was succeeded by his son Muhammad Mansyur Queen (1707-1715).

But the younger brother of Queen Queen Anum Mohammad Kamaruddin Mansyur then raise himself as the Sultan of Palembang, replacing his brother (1715-1724), although his brother had been advised prior to death, so that his son Mahmud fled to Johor Badaruddin and Siantan, although officially been appointed as the Sultan of Palembang.

But Mahmud Badaruddin in 1724 with the help of the Armed Forces of the Sultan of Johor retake Palembang from his uncle.

Power over the island of Bangka subsequently submitted by the Wan Mahmud Badaruddin Wing, which has since some time has been moved from Siantan to Bangka with two of his brother Wan Wan Abduljabar and Serin.

The discovery of lead and VOCs
Around the year 1709 found lead, who first excavated in the River District Olin in Toboali by people upon their experience in the Johor Straits. With the discovery of this lead, begin to Bangka island visited by all sorts of boats from Asia and Europe. Tin excavation companies became more advanced, so the Sultan of Palembang send his men into the Peninsula Affairs of China to look for experts who increasingly felt very necessary.

In 1717 began to be held nexus of trade with the VOC for the sales lead. With the help of this Company, the Sultan of Palembang trying to eradicate the pirates and smuggling-smuggling tin. In 1755 the Dutch government to send trade missions to Palembang, led by Van Haak, who intends to review the results and pepper in Bangka tin. In about the year 1722 VOC entered a binding contract with the Sultan Queen Anum Kamaruddin to buy a tin monopoly, which according to reports Van.

• The right treaty between the Netherlands and the Sultan of Palembang contains:
• Sultan only sell the leads to the Company
• The Company may purchase the required amount of tin.
• As a result of this agreement then many of the island of Bangka tin sold by smuggled.

Subsequently in 1803 the Dutch government sent a mission again, led by VD Bogarts and Captain Lombart, who intend to probe carefully about tin in Bangka.

British Colonies
Tuntang Agreement on 18 September 1811 has brought another fate for the island of Bangka. On that date the deed was signed from the Dutch surrender to the British, where the island of Java and the regions surrender, Timorese, Makassar, Palembang and the following areas of a colony of the British conquest.

Raffles sent emissaries to Palembang to take over the Dutch lodge at the River Aur, but they were rejected by Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II, because the Dutch power in Kilkenny before the capitulation Tuntang is not there anymore. Raffles was unhappy with the rejection and still demand that the Sultan River lodge Aur handed, also demanded that the Sultan gave tin mines on the island of Bangka and Belitung.

On March 20, 1812 Raffles sent to Palembang expedition led by Major General Rollo Gillespie Roobert. But Gillespie failed to meet with the Sultan and the British began to implement the policy of "divide et impera" her. Gillespie picked Duke as the Sultan of Palembang prince with the title of Sultan Ahmad Najamuddin II (1812).

British recognition of Sultan Ahmad II Najamuddin made arrangements so that the islands of Bangka and Belitung handed over to Britain. On the way back to Batavia via Mentok by Gillespie, inaugurated the two islands became a British colony was named "Duke of Island" (May 20, 1812).

Back to the Dutch Colony
Then on the basis of the Convention of London on August 13, 1814, Holland received back from the UK regions which had occupied in 1803 before Napoleon invaded the Netherlands in Europe, including some areas of the Sultanate of Palembang. The receipt is carried out between M.H. Court (England) by K. Heynes (Netherlands) in Mentor on December 10, 1816.

Fraud, extortion, dewatering and transport of lead an uncertain outcome, conducted by the VOC and the UK (EIC) has finally arrived on the situation of the people lost patience. Moreover, after returning to the Dutch, who began digging a massive lead and did not think about the fate of the natives. Guerrilla warfare conducted in Musi Rawas against the Dutch, also has raised the spirit of resistance of the people on the island of Bangka and Belitung.

Then came the uprisings, for years the people of the Pacific held a resistance, fought desperately to repel the Dutch from its territory, under the leadership of Depati Merawang, Pangkal Pinang, Depati Bahrin, and Tikal and others.

Then the wife of Mahmud Badaruddin that because it does not match her husband be allowed to stay in Palembang settled in the Pacific, which is said that the wife of Sultan Mahmud was the son of Wan Abduljabar. History says that Wan Abduljabar was the second son of the Sultan of Johor Abdulhayat a trust for the government in Siantan, Abdulhayat originally was a high-ranking Chinese empire named Kian Lim Tau, which is due to dispute then fled to Johor and get protection from the Sultan. He later converted to Islam as Abdulhayat, because expertise is appointed by the Sultan of Johor to the head of State in Siantan.

THE CULTURE OF BATAK TRIBE

HISTORY OF CULTURE | THE CULTURE OF BATAK TRIBE | Batak tribe of North Sumatra. Area of origin is known as the residence of the Batak Karo Mainland High, Kangkat Hulu, Hulu Deli, Serdang Hulu, Simalungun, Toba, Mandailing and Central Tapanuli. The area is traversed by a series of Bukit Barisan in the region of North Sumatra, and there is a large lake called Lake Toba the Batak people. Judging from the administrative area, they inhabit the several district or this part of North Sumatra. Karo Regency ie, Simalungun, Dairi, North Tapanuli, and Asahan.

HISTORY

Batak kingdom was founded by a King in the country Toba sila-silahi (Silalahi) lua 'Baligi (Luat Balige), Parsoluhan village, tribe Pohan. The king in question is named Raja Alang Pardoksi magic power (Pardosi). Heyday Batak kingdom led by a king named. Sultan Maharaja in 1054 Hijri Bongsu managed to prosper the country with its political policies. 

CULTURAL ELEMENTS

A. Language
In the life and daily life, the Batak people use some accent, is: (1) Slang used by Karo Karo, (2) Slang used by Pakpak Pakpak, (3) Slang used by Simalungun Simalungun; (4) Slang used by people Toba Toba, Angkola and Mandailing.

B. Knowledge
Batak people are also familiar with the ancient system of mutual assistance in farming. In the language it is called Raron Karo activity, whereas in the Toba language it is called Marsiurupan. A group of neighbors or close relatives of people together to work the land and each member in turn. Raron it is an institution whose membership is voluntary and the long standing agreement depends on the participants.

C. Technology
Batak society has come to know and use simple equipment used to grow crops in their lives. Such as hoes, plow (plow in Karo), single stick (crank in Karo), sickle (Sabi-Sabi) or ani-ani. Batak society also have the traditional weapons, piso surit (a type of dagger), piso elephant densely packed (a keris that long), hujur (a type of spear), podang (a type of long sword). Other technological elements yaitukain ulos which is woven fabric that has many functions in the life of traditional Batak.

D. Social Organizations
a. Marriage
In the tradition of Batak tribes one can only marry with the Batak people of different clans, so if one is married he should seek a mate from another clan other than his clan. If the marriage is someone who is not from the Batak tribe, he has to be adopted by one of the Batak clan (different clans). The event was followed by a procession of marriages performed in churches because the majority of the population is Christian Batak. For marriage dowries and sisters of the bride is already married.

b. Kinship
Kinship groups Batak tribes living in rural areas called Huta or Kuta under the terms of Karo. Usually one Huta inhabited by the family of a kin group marga.Ada also called clans taneh namely the descendants of the founder of Kuta pariteral. Marga is bound by certain symbols such as clan name. The little clan is patrilineal relatives who still resides in one area. Conversely a large clan whose members live scattered so many sdah not know each other but they can recognize members by name of the clan that always came behind her first name, social stratification of the Batak people is based on four principles: (a) tigkat differences in age, (b) differences in rank and positions, (c) differences in the nature of authenticity and (d) marital status.

E. Livelihood
In general, people hobo rice cultivation in paddies and fields. Obtained from the division of land based clan. Each kelurga mandapat but the land is not allowed to sell it. In addition to lands owned land as for individuals.

Farms is also one of Batak tribe of livelihood among other buffalo farms, cows, pigs, goats, chickens, and ducks. Catching fish is done most of the population around Lake Toba. Craft sector is also growing. For example weaving, woven rattan, wood carving, temmbikar, there kaitanya with tourism.

F. Religion
In the 19th century the religion of Islam into the area south hobo penyebaranya covers. Christianity came in about the year 1863 and includes the hobo penyebaranya north. D emikian Although many rural communities hobo who was the original concept of religion pendduk mmpertahankan hobo. Batak people have the conception that the universe and its contents were created by Debeta Na Mula So Balloons and resides in the sky and have the names in accordance with the duties and kedudukanya. At Debeta So Na Balloon: residing in the heavens and is the almighty creator; Siloan Na Balom: located as ruler of the world of spirits. In conjunction with the spirits and souls of the hobo know three concepts namely: Tondi: the soul or spirit; Sahala: the soul or spirit of one's own strength; Begu: Tondinya dead. Batak people also believe in the magic powers of amulets called Tongkal.

G. Art
Dance Dance ie Tor-tor (magical); Dance serampang twelve (nature of entertainment). Traditional Musical Instruments: Gong; Saga-saga. Results from the tribe of Batak weaving craft is ulos cloth. The fabric is always displayed in the ceremony of marriage, establishing homes, funeral ceremony, transfer of the estate, welcomed the honored guests and dancing ceremonies Tor-tor. Custom fabric in accordance with an inherited belief system ancestors.

CULTURAL VALUES

1. Kinship
Batak society kinship values? embodied primarily in the implementation of custom Dalian Na Talu, where one must find a mate outside their group, people in one group are called Sabutuha (brothers), to the group that received the girl to diperistri called Hula-hula. The group that gives a girl called Boru.

2. Hagabeon
Significant cultural value long life expectancy, birth, bercucu a lot, and that is fine.

3. Hamoraan
Batak tribe that honors the value lies in the balance of the spiritual aspects and meterial.

4. Uhum and ugari
Uhum value reflected on the seriousness of the Batak people in upholding justice while ugari seen in fidelity to a promise.

5. Aegis
Aegis of the community must be given to the environment, the task entailed by the three elements in Dalihan Na Tolu.

6. Marsisarian
A value means mutual understanding, respect, and help each other.

ASPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT

Development aspects of the Batak tribe of the entry of the school system and the emergence of an opportunity to gain social prestige. The occurrence of kinship networks are based on peoples can work well. Indigenous itself for the Batak people is sacred. Forgetting peoples are considered extremely dangerous.

Recognition of blood ties and marriage ties strengthen rope in everyday life. Mutual help between relatives in world trade and in the middle of the field of modern city life commonly seen among the Batak people. Tightness of kinship networks that surround them that gives them tremendous resilience in responding to the challenges of this century.

REFERENCES:
Hidayah, Zuliyani
1997 Encyclopedia of Ethnic Groups in Indonesia. New York: LP3ES Koentjaraningrat
1971 Man and culture in Indonesia. New York: Djambatan Melalatoa, M. Junus
1997 Encyclopedia of Ethnic Groups in Indonesia. Jakarta: Ministry of Education and culture

THE CULTURE OF MANGGARAI TRIBE

HISTORY OF CULTURE | THE CULTURE OF MANGGARAI TRIBE | Manggarai is located at the western tip of Flores island, bordering the east by Ngada district, west by Sealat sapepulau Sumbawa / Bima district, north of the Flores Sea south to the sea and Sabu. The total area of  7136.14 km2, the region is arguably the most fertile in the province. The area is very vast and fertile farms, coffee plantations that stretched disebahagian its territory, namely high rainfall in a year reached 27.574 mm, a third of that number (more than 7000mm) fell in January.

The capital of Manggarai is located approximately 1200 meters above sea level, at the foot of the mountain brought Pocoranaka

Batih family formation consists of father, mother and children called Cak Kilo. Expansion Lil Kilo Kilo forming a small clan, then the clan was a large clan Panga and Wau.

Some terms are known in the system, among others, Wae Old kekrabatan (derived from the older sister), Wae Koe (derived from sister), Ana Rona (derivative family mama), Ana Vienna (derivative family of sisters), Amang (mom's brother), Host (father's sister), Emma Koe (sister of the father), Emma Tua (brother of father), Ende Koe (sister of mother), Old Ende (brother of the mother), Emma (the father), Ende (mama), Kae ( brother), Ase (sister), Nana (brother), and Enu (sister or wife).

Strata Manggarai community consists of three classes, first class is called Kraeng (King / nobles), gelarang second class (middle class), and the third group Lengge (the commoners).

The king has absolute power, which can not be paid tribute by the people required to work rodi. The charge of collecting tribute from gelarang Lengge (the commoners). The gelarang This is a land of kings and guardians as the mouthpiece between the groups with Lengge Kraeng. Lengge status is a status that has always threatened. This group must always pay taxes, forced labor workers, and likely to become bondsmen who at times can be brought to Bima and very little can go back to see his birthplace.

THE CULTURE OF NGADA TRIBE

HISTORY OF CULTURE | THE CULTURE OF NGADA TRIBE | Ngada district that is located between the district of Ende (east) and Manggarai (west). Bajawa capital city is situated on a hill about 1000 meters above sea level. These communities are known for a four unitary traditional (ethnic group) who had various signs of a distinct entity.

Indigenous Unity are: (1) Nagekeo, (2) Ngada, (3) Riung, (4) Soa. Each unit features custom kekrabatannya maintain the support of such a sign of their unity.

Meaning kekrabatan families in the community generally in addition to the nearest Ngada in Sao nuclear family form the wider family of the symbols in unifying (One Peo, one Ngadhu, and Bagha). Ties carry the name of your rights and certain obligations. Examples kekrabatan every member of the customs union should obey the chiefs, particularly over land. Every community has a house principal supporters (traditional house) with a who heads the base of Puu Saka Sao Ngadhu ulu.

Traditional Houses also called Sao, a house made of materials such as in Ende / Lio (wall, roof, and floor / stage). Traditionally custom homes characterized by Weti (engraving). Carving consists of levels such as Keka, Sao Keka, Sao LIPI graduation, Sao Dawu Ngongo, Sao Weti Sagere, Sao Rapo Rica, Sao Lia Wheels.

Social coating called Ata Gae top, the middle layer is called Game Kisa, and coating the bottom is called Ata Hoo. Other sources mention the usual social coating is divided into three, Game (nobility), Game Kisa = Kuju, and lower class (slave). There is also a split of the four strata, Game (first nobility), Starch (second nobility) Steel (third nobility), and Bheku (fourth nobility).

The wives of each coating, especially coating the upper and middle course called Inegae / Finegae with the main task became head of the house who decide everything in the house began to income and expenditure.

Community support Nagekeo Paruwitu culture (hunting culture), Soa community supporter Reba (new year culture, harvest festival), Supporting farming culture in a wider sense is Ngadhu / Peo, occurs in some traditional unity Nagekeo, Riung, Soa and Ngada.

THE CULTURE OF ENDE TRIBE

HISTORY OF CULTURE | THE CULTURE OF ENDE TRIBE | Boundaries of territory that stretches from the coast north to south it is to the east with the Sikka district, the western with Ngada district, north of the Flores Sea, south to the sea Sabu. 2046.6 km2 wide Ende district, regional climate is generally tropical with an average rainfall 6096 mm / year with an average number of rainy days in November, the most s / d in January.

Most areas received the most rain is like the central region mountain region Kalimutu, Detusoko, Welamosa which ranged between 1700 mm s / d 4000 mm / year.

Ende name itself is said to have a mention as Endeh, Nusa Ende, or in ancient literature called Independent or Ynde. There is a strong suspicion that the name was probably given around the 14th century when people trade maleyu large woven expensive nan ie gloves patola Tjindai similar in their trading voyages to Ende.

Ende / Lio often called in one name that can not be separated. Nevertheless the attitude of the ego in naming themselves as: Jao Ata ata Lio Ende or I can actually show there are clear boundaries between the two hallmark title.

Although public administration called Ende / Lio reside within clear boundaries as described above but in reality the culture (tereitorial culture) seems wider than in Ende Lio.

Settlement patterns in both the public and Lio Ende generally at the beginning of the family batih / core baba (father), ine (mama) and Ana (the kids) and then expanded after marrying the boy settled in or around the main house main house . The house itself generally is traditionally made from sago palm leaves and bamboo thatched reeds.

Layers of society nobleman called Mosalaki ria bewa Lio, a layer of medium bansawan called Puu and Tuke Mosalaki sani for ordinary people. While the community is called Ata NggaE Ende nobles, kings derivative Nggae Mere Ata, Ata-called middle-layer and slave dati Ata Hoo Hoo Hoo Tai called Manu.

THE CULTURE OF SIKKA TRIBE

HISTORY OF CULTURE | THE CULTURE OF SIKKA TRIBE | Sikka bordered north by the Flores Sea, south of the Sea Sabu, and east to East Flores district, the western part of the district of Ende. The total area of  1731.9 km2 Sikka regency.

The capital of Maumere, Sikka is located overlooking the north shore, the sea of ??Flores. Sikka's name purportedly comes from the name of a place the Indochina region. Sikka and hence the possibility of people began immigrating kewilayah archipelago to the east and settled in a village south coast of the Sikka. This name then became the first native settlement in the district of Sikka Lela now. This derivative will be a landowner in the region.

Sikka social coating of society. The top layer is referred to as Ama Ine Gete Gahar consisting of kings and nobles. Coating is a common sign in ancient times was a legacy of the traditional society, in addition to material possessions warisa family and ancestors. The second layer is characterized by coating Ata Rinung help carry out the functions of the nobles and resume all regular mandate of the people / person most commonly known as the third layer which is Mepu or Maha.

In general, the Sikka district detailing his tribal name a few: (1) ata Sikka, (2) ata Krowe, (3) Tana ata ai, desamping it is also known tribes of newcomers, namely: (4) ata Goan, (5) ata Lua, (6) ata Lio, (7) ata Ende, (8) ata Sina, (9) ata Sabu / Rote, (10) ata Bura.

Sikka livelihoods of agriculture generally. The agricultural calendar as follows: Month Wulan Warrants - More Duru (October-November) is the month to clean up gardens, planting, in the month following the Gete-Bleke Bleke Doi - Kowo (January, Pebuari, March) period to weed the garden (rice and corn) and picking, in the month of Balu Goit - Balu Epan - Blepo (April s / d in June) period for picking and planting crops / legumes. While at the end of the month calendar of agricultural work Pupun Porun Blebe Oin Ali-Ilin (August-September).

CULTURE EAST FLORES

HISTIRY OF CULTURE | CULTURE EAST FLORES | Flotim is an archipelago with an area of 3079.23 km2, bordering counties in eastern Alor, Sikka district in the north west and south by Flores Sea, Savu Sea.

People who come from East Flores Lamaholot often referred to people, because the language used Lamaholot tribal language.

The concept of traditional house Flotim always been regarded as a center of tribal rituals. Custom home to be a place to honor Ekan Lera Wulan Tana (the highest form mengciptakan and the owner of the earth).

Coating social society depends on the beginning of the arrival of the first residents, since it is known the existence of landlords who decide everything, dividing the land to the tribe Mehen who arrived later, followed by tribal Ketawo who obtained the right to live and cultivate the land from the tribe Mehen.

Mehen tribes to maintain their existence is judged as a landlord, be they warriors-war warriors, who helped spare Ketawo.

Livelihoods of people Flotim / Lamaholot the main visible in the expression as follows:

1. Ola monument, here Happen, lLua watana,
2. Gere Kiwan, Pau overwhelmed heka ana,
3. Geleka lewo gewayan, restaurant murin Laran.

Meaning:

Working in the fields, Slicing palm wine, shelled (search for sea slugs), work in the mountains, serve / give life family (wife and children) to serve the pertiwi / ground water, receiving foreign guests.

THE CULTURE IN JAMBI TRIBE

HISTORY OF CULTURE | THE CULTURE OF JAMBI TRIBE| The original inhabitants of Jambi Province consists of several tribes, including Jambi Malay, Inner, Kerinci, penghulu, Move, Child (Kubu), and Bajau. Tribes first mentioned are the majority population of the entire population of Edinburgh, who settled along the river edge and around Batanghari.

Based on local folklore, the name Edinburgh comes from the word "jambe" which means "nut". This name has to do with a living legend in the community, the legend of King Princess Pinang conformable Cook, who had something to do with the origins of the province of Jambi.

Children In Kubu tribe or tribes are considered as the oldest in Edinburgh, having been settled in advance before the arrival of other tribes. They are thought to be descendants of soldiers who intend to expand the Minangkabau region to Edinburgh. There is a temporary information that states that this tribe is descended from the tribe Wedda mixing with the Negrito tribes, who then called the tribe Weddoid.

People Child distinguished on the tame and wild tribes. The term "benign" is given to groups that have been promoted, have a permanent residence, and have known agricultural ordinances. While the so-called "wild" are those who still roam the forests and have no fixed abode, are not familiar with farming systems, as well as communication with the outside world was still closed.

Tribes in Edinburgh in general, living in rural areas with a clustered pattern. Those who live sedentary incorporated in some array (collection of the long house and yard). Each village is led by a village head (Rio), assisted by the lap, cymbals, and the elders tengganai (village council). These were the ones in charge of taking decisions relating to the interests of rural community life.

Social strata of society in Edinburgh does not have a clear conception of the coating system in society. Therefore rarely never even heard the terms or specific titles to refer to social strata in society. They only know the titles of "fuzzy" to indicate the status of a person, such as smart people, the rich, the village and so on.

Clothing At first rural community to know everyday clothing of fabric and a sleeveless shirt. But after undergoing a process of acculturation to different cultures, everyday clothing that women wear a baju kurung and scarf wrapped around his head as a head covering. Whereas half the men wore pants that ballooned segment on the calf and are generally black in color, so it can move freely in performing their daily work. Clothing for men is equipped with a cap.

Art in Jambi Province is famous among other Batanghari, Fan perentak, Rangguk, Foreword, braid eight, Unison Satang.

Traditional ceremonies are still preserved, among others, Human Life Circle Ceremony, Birth, Adulthood, Marriage, Berusik betel nut jokes, Sit bertuik, betanyo upright, tie made promises semayo, stretching between the transfer terimo pusako and Death

Local Community Life Philosophy: Sepucuk jambi nine headman, batangnyo rajo nature.