Spare The Life of Sumbawa or Tau Samawa

Spare The Life of Sumbawa or Tau Samawa | HISTORY OF CULTURE | Interest Sumbawa or tau Samawa inhabit the western part of the island of Sumbawa or former area of  the Sultanate of Sumbawa, its territory covering an area of 8493 km 2, which means that more than half of Sumbawa Island with an area of 14415.45 km2 totaled, while the eastern part of this island, while the eastern part of the island was inhabited by tribes Bima. Most of the area consists of hills and mountains to 1730 meters the highest peak in the Rock Lanteh. This mountain stands tall among the five other mountains in central and southern islands. Leading to this mountain there is a river named Brang largest Beh which also flows into the Gulf Lampui and towards areas around the mountain the other, then met with children of other smaller rivers.

Samawa tau population spread over two districts, Sumbawa and West Sumbawa regency territory ranging from sub Pond at the eastern end until Taliwang and Sekongkang District located at the west and south of the island, including 38 small islands around it. The second territorial limits of this district is the north bordering the Flores Sea, south with the Indonesian Ocean, west of the Alas Strait, and east by District Dompu. The population of the tribe of Sumbawa is now estimated at more than 500,000 inhabitants.

 

Sumbawa Tribe population is currently growing a mixture of ethnic descendants of immigrants or immigrants from other islands who have been long settled and able to adapt to its new environment and be able acculturated with the other entrants who still carry the cultural identity of their ancestors, either who came before and after the eruption of Mount Tambora in 1815. These newcomers made up of ethnic Javanese, Madurese, Balinese, Sasak, Bima, Sulawesi (Bugis, Makassar, Mandar), Sumatra (Padang and Palembang), Borneo (Banjarmasin), and China (Tolkin and Tartars), as well as the average Arab average inhabit lowland and coastal areas of this island, while most people who claim themselves as indigenous or native or Samawa occupy mountainous regions such as tepals, Dodo, and Labangkar due to coastal areas and lowlands that were once into residential areas they can not be occupied again Tambora post-natural disaster that killed nearly two-thirds of Sumbawa at the time.

Sumbawa is a tropical climate, the influence of continental climate of Australia in certain months are felt with a temperature range between 19.20 C-34, 20C, humidity 89% maximum and minimum air pressure of 71% with an average of 1008.2 mb until 1013 , 4 mb. Most wind direction was 300 with a top speed of 13 knots per second that occurred in August, October, and November. Average rainfall 1 476 mm a year with the number of rainy days as much as 75 days. The rain began to fall in Sumbawa in November to March, after it changed the dry season in April, which usually begins with cold air in a few weeks.

LANGUAGE, LITERATURE AND WRITING

In general, literary works of Sumbawa is quite difficult to be dug, inventoried, and accounted for, as well as searchable texts, because the process is done by way of inheritance from generation to generation orally and from the generation of a precursor to child keturunanya through a very long journey and passes cultural process is complicated, however, can be understood that the old is at the root or the mother of all art forms and traditions of Sumbawa, both art music, dance, and customs that grow and develop in society, as seen in sekeco, rame eyes dance, games people barapan barapan kebo and chicken, and traditions such as the life cycle and barodak nyorong.

KINSHIP SYSTEM AND MARRIAGE

Kinship and descent systems in general bilateral tau Samawa, namely the withdrawal of the lineage system based on ancestral lineage of men and women simultaneously. In this kinship system, either the paternal relatives mapun maternal classified into one with the same term, eg eaq for older brother father or mother, and the NDE for the younger brother of the father or mother. Wider family group that is pata, which is a relative of the man or woman who is pulled from grandparents or ancestors up to the sixth degree, so that in a society of Sumbawa known cousin, the cousin of two to six cousins.

On Sumbawa traditional community life, some of the nuclear family can live in a house on stilts, the house that was built on wooden poles with height ranging between 1.5 to 2 meters with a typology of the rectangle, the roof is shaped like a boat made from bamboo which is cut santek or pieces (many now replaced with tiles). On the front or rear mounted tiller and stairs in a matter of peculiar between 7, 9, 11 dependent needs. The inner layout is generally a blend of traditional house forms Bugis-Makassar, which combined with the architecture of the house Malay. For homes in rural areas preferred the stage facing east or sunrise that symbolizes strength, fortitude, and hope overflow provision. They have a very strong family values as reflected in the old:

1. Ling chicken Ngungku Samawa (pulse of life in Sumbawa)
2. Samung ling do tokal relatives (relatives of heart knock at shoreline)
3. Mole sakompal tu ate (home to unite the hearts)
4. I Ate ko belo Sempu (close to my heart's cousin)
5. Kusalontak mega pitu (beyond anything)
6. Ngantung no beang bored me (do not rely bored and hoping)
7. Mara Punti ina gamma (such as banana trees duhai's mother)
8. Den yellow no Tenri tana (although yellowing leaves will not fall to the ground)
9. Mate bakolar to lolo (willingly destroyed with relatives)

The procedure for marriage in society Sumbawa ceremonies organized by a complex, adopting the customary marriage processions Bugis-Makassar beginning with bakatoan (bajajak), basaputis, nyorong, and barodak ceremony on the evening before both the bride and groom were married. Barodak ceremonies contain elements of a combination of ritual and Ruwatan midodareni in Javanese tradition. One thing manarik in Samawa tau mating system is considered ideal is sibling cousin marriage, as seen in the older:

• No mu tau gegan pond (as beautiful as any person do not count)
• Lenge Sempu no gantuna (ugly-ugly cousins still there is a sense unfortunately)
• With barema ngining (navigate with joy and sorrow)

The main source of livelihood for the tau Samawa is generally in the rice farming using traditional tools in the form of a hoe or bingkung, rengala, and Kareng as plow equipment utilizing pets such as cows and buffaloes. Planting pattern was originally introduced by the Javanese kingdom of Majapahit in the Hindu kingdom of Sumbawa. Mechanization of agriculture is now starting to look at the people of Sumbawa. In some places starting to look utilization handtractor and other modern tools as a replacement for the role of livestock in the processing of agricultural land.

To work on the farm or merau traditional ways are still used up to now is the burning of agricultural land in order to simplify the processing for some types of crops planted. How to get even this agricultural lands bagitu easy, tau Samawa can find land for farming, gardening, and farming with his find the area marked by hanging sharpening stones or planting of certain trees such as Bage, ketimus, and Bungur which are both known and recognized the Convention as a sign that the land belonged to someone and at the same time to avoid the claims of others. This concept has been confirmed for the tau Samawa in the expression tumpan Aeng tumpan nan-tu Aeng tubaeng, meaning that people who come across is having.

This expression refers to the ownership of land, residence or a specific area that belonged to him, this concept also applies to the work of the forest and gather wood nganyang (hunting) and look for honey bees by providing a cross with a machete on the tree where the nest was there as well as honey bees tied with lonto (type ivy). For tau Samawa in violation of this taboo and try to take the rights of others, then it will be the talk everywhere and have become customary sanctions tau no kangila or shameless self-esteem is very slap tau Samawa. Sumbawa community living in villages generally have a special place to store the results in a klompo penennya or barn that was built adjacent to the building of his house, was to know Samawa who do not store their crops in the barn, can also make use of or the attic of his house, while for pertaninan party of equipment placed in or under at the bottom of the stage house.

Being a fisherman is the work of other options for tau Samawa. Equipment such as fishing rods, kodong and splint which serves as a trap used to catch fish in rivers or in swamps, while the equipment is more preferred form of nets to catch fish in the sea. Equally important job is hunting or using equipment nganyang tear or poke or spear spear and a double-edged, applying or snares, and by making use of hunting dogs. Nganyang odd jobs generally are chosen by most tau Samawa who live around the hills, while their main occupation is gathering forest products to be used as food ingredients such as tubers, buyak or the tops of the cane, palm trunks serampin or cider, honey bees, mushrooms, and roots as a traditional oil-making materials. Sumbawa community raising horses, cattle, and buffalo. Tau Samawa not tether animals livestock, these animals just released in pasture or meadow-lar, while to keep their crops from attack livestock, farmers tried to fence off Sumbawa field by planting rice and Java timber on its land border . Job as a trader is a job option for a small portion of Sumbawa which was originally done by the descendants of Arabs, Chinese, people Selayar, and some newcomers from Java, as well as work to make craft items like romong or baskets of rice, cane chair , Ampat or a fan, traditional weaving lately began to be abandoned people. The work is most proud to know Samawa is to become civil servants or employees of the company.

SYSTEM ADMINISTRATION

Sumbawa tribes who inhabited this former area of  the Sultanate of Sumbawa in the pre-Majapahit became the Kingdom's territory based in Samawa Sasak Lombok, then conquered by Majapahit with the center of influence in Taliwang and Seran, while the Islamic period is the period of the conquest of the Kingdom of Gowa-Sulawesi to all regions Sumbawa and Lombok Selaparang with the central government, first in Lombok and Sumbawa Besar moved into the Kingdom due to the threat pencaplokkan Gelgel-Bali. After the entry of VOC (Verenigde Oost Indische Compagnie) empire became part of the region of Sumbawa Gubernemen Celebes, and the corresponding zoning Afdeeling the region of Sumbawa entered residency with its capital in East Sumbawa.

Governance system are translated into onderafdeeling Afdeeling then divided into several administrative regions. Some villages are divided into several neighborhoods of power which is onderdistrict, and some onderdistrict merged into one district-level governments are now. Merger does not last long onderdistrict onderdistrict later became a stand-alone and turn into kademungan region. Kademungan areas now transformed into districts in charge of several villages. In the reign of the old order, the system of village administration in Sumbawa is held by a join is assisted by several workshops tau reefs as advisers coming from every kinship group home residents.

Merge is also aided by the malar as a regulator and divider water on agricultural land, and also assisted by a mandur which acts as a liaison between the interests of society with the village government. Perkampungannya pattern shaped house groups, each group still has a kinship bond which united by a village fence. Always adjust the layout of public knowledge about the veins in the implementation of land can only be known by Sandro or shaman. Each head of household has the responsibility to help build a custom home that new members of the group under the command of mutual aid workshop tau reef, so the concept was formulated by the name siru or pay his debts, so that group members who violate would be ostracized. Siru pay conception is still valid today, especially in villages in rural areas.

Now civil society organizations at the village level modernized into a village or a village led by a headman or village head who supervises several hamlets, and every hamlet there are groups of citizens who joined in harmonious community that consists of several neighborhoods. As an executive at the village level established village councils, while the task is replaced by the malar Farmers Water User Association (P3A). Sumbawa is very thick with the nuances of Islam, so in religious life or Hukom in every village there is a leader who called the prince, lebe, mudum, Ketib, marbot, and rura. Sumbawa community also inherited social coating of the Sultanate of Sumbawa which is marked by the emergence of three groups, namely the title of nobility or a datu dea, both free groups or relatives know, and the third group of ordinary people who do not know ulin independent or servant. For this last group has been deleted since the issuance of the decree of Sultan Muhammad Kaharuiddin III in 1959 while serving as head of the Autonomous Region Level II Sumbawa.

It contains the advice of older parents to their sons that are not easily lured to the beauty of a girl who did not clear asalusulnya and not from his own relatives, while the brothers themselves, although not pretty but it has a clear lineage and can be used as a loyal friend in the wading joy and sorrow. This indicates that the old customs of marriage in society prioritizes Sumbawa is seeking a partner from their own relatives who seringpula encapsulated in the phrase-peko peko kebo dita or let crooked but the buffalo itself is meaningful proud of selfhood and prefer their own. In marriage there are also custom Sumbawa called abstinence or marriage mating base sala-naive done because they are not aligned in a lineage that is considered less polite in view of customs, such as an uncle marry their cousins even allowed in Islamic Law.

Other marital offenses that are considered deviant is merarik or run those girls because they do not get the blessing of both parents themselves and parents pujaanya girl. Merarik can result in embarrassment to the family of girls who were admitted, while ngirang is often expressed in a rage and ruin the family possessions of men as a burst of anger, offense the victim's self esteem. For those boys who ran the girls, should immediately ask for protection on traditional leaders or community leaders prior to the family of a woman found him, when too late to ask for protection can be fatal as death or murder by the family of a woman who according to custom justified.

  

The main source of livelihood for the tau Samawa is generally in the rice farming using traditional tools in the form of a hoe or bingkung, rengala, and Kareng as plow equipment utilizing pets such as cows and buffaloes. Planting pattern was originally introduced by the Javanese kingdom of Majapahit in the Hindu kingdom of Sumbawa. Mechanization of agriculture is now starting to look at the people of Sumbawa. In some places starting to look utilization handtractor and other modern tools as a replacement for the role of livestock in the processing of agricultural land. To work on the farm or merau traditional ways are still used up to now is by burning agricultural land in order to simplify the processing for some types of crops planted.

How to get even this agricultural lands bagitu easy, tau Samawa can find land for farming, gardening, and farming with his find the area marked by hanging sharpening stones or planting of certain trees such as Bage, ketimus, and Bungur which are both known and recognized the Convention as a sign that the land belonged to someone and at the same time to avoid the claims of others. This concept has been confirmed for the tau Samawa in the expression tumpan Aeng tumpan nan-tu Aeng tubaeng, meaning that people who come across is having. This expression refers to the ownership of land, residence or a specific area that belonged to him, this concept also applies to the work of the forest and gather wood nganyang (hunting) and look for honey bees by providing a cross with a machete on the tree where the nest was there as well as honey bees tied with lonto (type ivy).

For tau Samawa in violation of this taboo and try to take the rights of others, then it will be the talk everywhere and have become customary sanctions tau no kangila or shameless self-esteem is very slap tau Samawa. Sumbawa community living in villages generally have a special place to store the results in a klompo penennya or barn that was built adjacent to the building of his house, was to know Samawa who do not store their crops in the barn, can also make use of or the attic of his house, while for pertaninan party of equipment placed in or under at the bottom of the stage house.

Being a fisherman is the work of other options for tau Samawa. Equipment such as fishing rods, kodong and splint which serves as a trap used to catch fish in rivers or in swamps, while the equipment is more preferred form of nets to catch fish in the sea. Equally important job is hunting or using equipment nganyang tear or poke or spear spear and a double-edged, applying or snares, and by making use of hunting dogs. Nganyang odd jobs generally are chosen by most tau Samawa who live around the hills, while their main occupation is gathering forest products to be used as food ingredients such as tubers, buyak or the tops of the cane, palm trunks serampin or cider, honey bees, mushrooms, and roots as a traditional oil-making materials.

Sumbawa community raising horses, cattle, and buffalo. Tau Samawa not tether animals livestock, these animals just released in pasture or meadow-lar, while to keep their crops from attack livestock, farmers tried to fence off Sumbawa field by planting rice and Java timber on its land border . Job as a trader is a job option for a small portion of Sumbawa which was originally done by the descendants of Arabs, Chinese, people Selayar, and some newcomers from Java, as well as work to make craft items like romong or baskets of rice, cane chair , Ampat or a fan, traditional weaving lately began to be abandoned people. The work is most proud to know Samawa is to become civil servants or employees of the company.