SEA TRIBE - Riau Province

HISTORY OF CULTURE | SEA TRIBE - Riau Province | Sea Tribe or often also called The Sea is a tribe that inhabited the Riau Islands, Indonesia. In broader terms include the Sea People "various tribes and groups that settled in the islands and estuaries in the Riau Islands-Linga, Seven Island, Batam Island, and coastal areas and islands off the coast of East Sumatra and the Malay peninsula south. "

Another name for the Sea People are People Strait. Sea People are sometimes confused with other maritime tribes, pirates People

Historically, The Sea used to be a pirate, but plays an important role in the kingdom of Srivijaya, the Sultanate of Malacca and Johor Sultanate. They guard the straits, repel pirates, traders guide to the port of the kingdom-the kingdom, and maintain their hegemony in the area

The language of the Sea

The language of the Sea has a resemblance to Malay and Malay is classified as Local. Currently, they generally work as fishermen. As The Sea Bajau tribe is sometimes dubbed as a "wanderer of the sea", because they moved to live on a boat.

History

In the glory days of Malacca, The Sea is an important supporter of the maritime kingdom. When Malacca fell they continued their allegiance to the descendants of the Sultan of Malacca who later founded the Sultanate of Johor. When the Dutch were planning an attack that began to rise rival Johor Malacca - which in the 17th century the Dutch seized upon - the Sultan of Johor threatened to order the People Sea People Sea to stop the protection on Dutch ships.

In 1699 Sultan Mahmud Shah, the last descendants of the Malacca-Johor dynasty, was killed. Sea People who refuse to acknowledge the Treasurer dynasty ascended the throne as the new sultan of Johor, as Treasurer of the family suspected of being involved in the murder. When in 1718 the King of Small, a Minangkabau adventurers claim to the throne of Johor, the Sea People give their support. But with the support of soldiers from Bugis Sultan Sulaiman Shah dynasty Treasurer regained the throne of Johor. With the help of the people of the Sea (the tribe and the tribe headdress Bentan) helped establish the Sultanate of Siak Raja Kecil, after being expelled from Johor.

In the 18th century role as the Sea People guard the Strait of Malacca to Johor-Riau Sultanate gradually replaced by the Bugis.

THE CULTURE OF KANEKES TRIBE

HISTORY OF CULTURE | THE CULTURE OF KANEKES TRIBE | Kanekes person or persons Bedouin / Bedouin are an indigenous group in the Sunda region Lebak regency, Banten. Their population of about 5,000 to 8,000 people, and they constitute one of the tribes to apply isolation from the outside world. In addition they also have the confidence taboo to be photographed.

Etymology
The name "Bedouin" is the name given by residents outside the community group, originated from the term Dutch researchers who seem to equate them with Badawi Arab groups who are sedentary societies (nomadic). Another possibility is due to the River and Mountain Bedouin Bedouin in the northern part of the region. They themselves prefer to call themselves as urang Kanekes or "people Kanekes" according to their region name, or a designation that refers to the name of their village as Urang Cibeo (Garna, 1993). 

Community Groups
Kanekes people still have a historical relationship with the Sundanese. Physical appearance and their language is similar to the Sundanese people in general. The only difference is their beliefs and way of life. Kanekes people shut themselves from the influence of the outside world and strictly maintain their traditional way of life, while the Sundanese are more open to foreign influences and the majority embraced Islam.

Kanekes society in general is divided into three groups: tangtu, panamping, and dangka (Permana, 2001).

Tangtu group is a group known as Kanekes In (In the Bedouin), who most closely follow the custom, namely residents living in three villages: Cibeo, Cikertawana, and Cikeusik. Characteristic Kanekes People are dressed in white, natural and dark blue and wearing a white headband. They were forbidden by custom to meet with foreigners (non-citizen)

Kanekes In is part of the whole person Kanekes. Unlike Kanekes Outside, residents Kanekes In still adhere to customs of their ancestors. 

Most of the rules adopted by the tribe Kanekes In include:

1. Not allowed to use vehicles to transport
2. Not allowed to use footwear
3. Door of the house should face north / south (except the chairman's house Pu'un or customary)
4. Prohibition of use of electronic tools (technology)
5. Using fabric, black / white as the clothes are woven and sewn himself, and not allowed to use modern clothing.
6. The second community group called panamping are those known as Kanekes Outer (Outer Baduy), who lived in various villages scattered around the region Kanekes In, like Cikadu, Kaduketuk, Kadukolot, Gajeboh, Cisagu, and so forth. Community Kanekes Foreign distinctively dressed and black headband.
7. Foreign Kanekes are people who have come out of peoples and regions Kanekes In. There are several things that cause the release of citizens to Kanekes Kanekes In Outer:
8. They have violated customary Kanekes In society.
9. Desiring to get out of Kanekes In
10. Married to a member of Foreign Kanekes
11. The characteristics of the people Kanekes Foreign
12. They have known technologies, such as electronic equipment, although its use remains a ban for every citizen Kanekes, including residents of Foreign Kanekes. They use the equipment in a way secretly to escape detection for superintendent of Kanekes In.
13. The development process Kanekes Foreign houses have been using assistive devices, such as saws, hammers, nails, etc., which previously prohibited by customary Kanekes In.
14. Using traditional dress with black or dark blue (for men), which indicates that they are not holy. Sometimes using modern clothes such as T-shirts and jeans.
15. Using modern household appliances, such as mattresses, pillows, plates & cups glass & plastic.
16. They live outside the area Kanekes In.

If Kanekes Inner and Outer Kanekes Kanekes lived in the area, then "Kanekes Dangka" Kanekes live outside the area, and currently resides in the remaining two villages, namely Padawaras (Cibengkung) and Sirahdayeuh (Cihandam). Dangka village serves as a sort of buffer zone of influence from outside (Permana, 2001).

PAMONA TRIBE - South Sulawesi

HISTORY OF CULTURE | PAMONA TRIBE - South Sulawesi | Pamona tribe, or often called Poso tribe, inhabiting almost all districts of Poso, Tojo Una-Una, Morowali, even South Sulawesi (North Luwu). While a small part of life wander in various regions in Indonesia. If there is a tribe in an area Pamona, Poso Pillars are usually always there, the container assembly of the tribe to do the activities in the area. Religious affiliation of nearly all members of this tribe are Christians.

 

Christianity entered the area about 100 years ago and until now accepted as a popular religion. Now all like-minded churches to this church shelter under the auspices of the organization's central Sulawesi Christian Church (GKST), based in Tentena, Poso district, Central Sulawesi. Most of the people's daily use of language Pamona (Bare'e) and Indonesian language with local language style. They work as farmers, civil servants, Pastor, entrepreneur, and others.

Real interest is not synonymous with ethnic Pamona Poso Poso Because in principle there is no tribe. That there is an area called Poso, inhabited by a tribe of Pamona. The word "Poso" itself in Pamona language means "broken". Origin of the name of Poso, which means broken, supposedly starting from the formation of Lake Poso. That said, Poso lake formed from a slab of hilly land, where under the slab of the hill there is a spring. Lowlands around the hill is, so that the flow of water from the mountains of gathered around the hill.

Stagnant water eroded the soil around the hill so the longer the water is sipped into the ground, met with the water in the bowels of the earth. The result is abrasion is the cause of volatility in the structure that is rather sandy soil. Gradually the outskirts of the hill no longer hold back the hill on which the load, resulting in rupture of the bottom of the hill came in, fell into the pool of spring water under the hill, thus forming a small lake. For the people of the era Pamona tribe narrated this incident as an outbreak of the mountain that forms the lake, so dinanai "Danau Poso" the newly formed lake, more and more enlarged, because the springs in the mountains surrounding the lake to flow towards the new. As a result, lake water discharge from time to time continue to rise, so that its surface area to be so wide. accordance with the properties of water are always looking for the lowlands, then at a certain altitude, tebentuklah sebua river that leads to the sea shore of the lake as a result could no longer accommodate the flow of water. Because the river comes from the Poso lake, then the new river, named the same name, namely Poso (Poso river). New river estuary which formed was then inhabited by some residents, because in the new river was there a lot of fish. Collection of new settler population was then named the village with the same title, namely Poso.

Dero dance, or Madero is a dance popular among the Tribe Pamona. This dance is held at folk festivals. Usually performed by young people. Circular dance performed by holding hands, while unrequited rhyme cheerful music lacks. Some areas in Palu prohibit activities or Madero Dero dance because it is often triggered fights among youths who fought the attention of the girls.

Following the customs of Europeans who have a family name or clan or family name, then the Pamona people also have clans like the following:

Banumbu, Bali'e, Baloga, Betalino, Beto, Botilangi, Bulinde, Bungkundapu, Bungu, Buntinge, Gilirante, Gimbaro, Gugu, Gundo, Kampindo, Kalembiro, Kalengke, Karebungu, Kayori, Kayupa, Kogege, Kolombuto, Kuko, Langgari, Lambangasi, Labiro, Liante, Lu'o, Lumaya, Manganti, Meringgi, Mossepe, Mowose, Nyolo-nyolo, Nggau, Nggo'u, Nua, Nyaua, Pakuli, Palaburu, Parimo, Paroda, Pasunu, Patara, Pebadja, Peninnah, Penyami, Pesudo, Poa, Pobonde, Podala, Purasongka, Pusuloka, Rampalino, Rampalodji, Rantelangi, Rare'a, Ruagadi, Rubo, Ruutana, Sancu'u, Sawiri, Sigilipu, So'e, Sowolino, Tabanci, Tadalangingi, Talasa, Tarante, Tasiabe, Tawuku, Tawurisi, Tekora, Tepara, Tiladuru, Tobondo, Tolimba, Toumbo, Ule, Ululai, Warara, Werokila nce'i to mori, Wuri, Wutabisu, etc..

ALAS TRIBE - Southeast Aceh Regency

HISTORY OF CULTURE | ALAS TRIBE - Southeast Aceh Regency | Alas tribe is one of the tribes who settled in Southeast Aceh Regency, Aceh Province (which is also commonly known as Tanah Alas). The word "pedestal" in Alas means "mat". This is something to do with the circumstances that area that stretches flat as a mat on the sidelines of the Bukit Barisan. Alas Land area traversed many rivers, one of whom is the Lawe Alas (Alas River).

Alas most of the tribes living in the countryside and live off agriculture and livestock. Land Foundation is a granary for the region of Aceh. But other than that they are also gardening rubber, coffee, and hazelnut, and to find a variety of forest products, such as wood, rattan, resins and incense. While they ternakkan animals are horses, goats, buffalo, and cows.

Alas village or village people called Kute. A Kute usually inhabited by one or several clans, called the merge. Members of the merge comes from a common ancestor. The pattern of their family life is togetherness and unity. They drew a line of patrilineal descent, meaning the male lineage. They also adhere to traditional exogamy merge, meaning that a mate should be sought in another merge.

Interest Alas 100% are Muslims. But there is also a shamanic practices such as trust in agricultural activities. They perform ceremonies with certain background beliefs to their farms bring good results or protected from pests.

History

Ukhang pads or pads or inverse Khang had settled in the valley of the Alas Alas, long before the Dutch colonial government into Indonesia where the state of the Alas valley residents have been immortalized in a book written by a Dutch named Radermacher (1781:8), when viewed from the record history of Islam to the Land Alas, in the year 1325 (Effendy, 1960:26) then obviously this population already exists, although still a nomad by embracing animist beliefs.

Alas name intended for one or ethnic group, while the area is called the word Tanoh Alas Alas. According Kreemer (1922:64) the word "Alas" is derived from the name of a head of ethnicity (the grandson of King Lambing), he settled in the village of the oldest in the village of Stone Alas Tanoh Mbulan.

According to Iwabuchi (1994:10) king who first settled in Tanoh Alas Batumbulan is located in the village known as the offspring of Lambing KING KING Lotung or known by the grandson of TATAE MONTH TEACHER Land of Samosir Batak, Tatae are siblings of the Month KING SUMBA. Teachers Tatae Moon has five children, namely Raja Uti, Saribu King, Limbong, Sagala, and Glare King. Saribu King is the King of his parents and the King Lontung Borbor. King Lontung mempuyai seven children namely, Sinaga, Situmorang, Pandiangan, Nainggolan, Simatupang, Arita, and Siregar, known as siampudan or payampulan. Pandiangan an ancestor Pande, Suhut Nihuta, Gultom, Samosir, Harianja, Pakpahan, Sitinjak, Solin in Dairi, Sebayang in Tanah Karo, and SELIAN in Tanah Alas, Keluet in South Aceh.

Lambing is the ancestor of King merga Sebayang in Tanah Karo and Selian in Tanah Alas. Lambing King is the youngest child of three brothers of the eldest brother is King Patuha in Dairi, and number two is King Kluet hornbills who migrated to South Aceh, the descendants and followers are merga Pinem or Pinim.

King then moved to Tanah Karo Lambing where the descendants and followers are merga Sebayang with areas of up to perbesi Tigabinanga and Gugung Karo District.
It is estimated that in the 12th century King Lambing emigrated to the Land of Karo Alas, and settled in the village of Batumbulan, descendants and followers are merga Selian. In the Land of King Alas Lambing has three children, King Lelo (Raje Catfish) and his descendants in Ngkeran, later King Adeh which is Kertan ancestors and his people, and the third is that Kaye Raje descendants settled in Batumbulan, including Bathin. Lambing Raje descendants in the Land Alas until 2000, has mempuyai descent to 26 who live scattered in the region Alas Land (Effendy, 1960:36; Sebayang 1986:17).

After King Lambing later following a god king whose wife is the daughter of King Lambing. Lambing king handed the reins of leadership of the King to the King of Gods (law). Known as Malik Ibrahim, the bearer of Islam to the famous Tanah Alas. Evidence of this historical site is located in Muara Lawe attitude, Batumbulan village. Malik Ibrahim has one son and named ALAS and through 2000 has had a descent to 27 who reside in the district of Southeast Aceh, Banda Aceh, Medan, Malaysia and elsewhere.

There are things that attract the attention of an agreement between the son of King Lambing (King Adeh, Kaye and Raje Catfish King) with the Gods son of King (King Alas) that syi'ar Islam brought by the King of Gods accepted by the whole society Alas, but that belongs to the customs by King Lambing remains in common use, brevity of life conceived customary law was conceived to death (Islam) so it is clear that the assimilation of the cultural customs of the tribe Alas has been going on since hundreds of years ago.

At the beginning of Malik Ibrahim kedatanganya migration through the eastern coast (Pasai) before there is agreement on, he still holds matrealistik of Minang culture Kabau, so his son as heir to the kingdom of King Alas follow the lineage and the mother of Selian merga. After King Alas received from King Lambing assimilation with the teachings of Islam, since it began to settle his descendants settled his line following the line of my father. Alas king also known as the heir to the kingdom, because of the large inheritance left by his father and grandfather since that's known as Tanoh Alas. After attendance at Batumbulan Selian, appears again another kingdom known as the base Sekedang Bambel territory covers up to Lawe Wells. King sekedang according to some information at the beginning of the Land Alas kehadiranya is to find the parents of the migrants to KING GOD Land Alas. King Sekedang which is the first one to come to the Land Alas there are an estimated mid-13 th century ago is named Nazarudin known as Datuk HAIR calls that come from Pasai.

The next arrivals during the King Foundation is a group of Acehnese coast Megit Ali and his descendants developed in Biak Muli known as merga Beruh. Then occurred the next migrants who formed several genera, but they remain an expansion of Batumbulan, residents Batumbulan mempuyai several groups or merga that includes Pale Dese who settled in the northwestern part of terutung Batumbulan pedi, and then present Selian group, the group came Sinaga, Keruas and Pagan joined another clan besides that Munthe, Pinim and Karo-Karo.

Marga Pale Dese is a resident who first occupied the land Alas, but do not have a kingdom in recorded history. Then there were also Deski who settled in the west end of village.

while according to Bernard HM Vlekke "Nusantara: A History of Indonesia" Translated by: Samsudin Berlin (Archipelago: History of Indonesia) Printed by: PT Gramedia, Jakarta, ed 4, 2008.

ISLES Indonesia is located in the main sea route between the eastern and southern Asia. In between these regions, with the bias itself is expected to have populations of various races. Racial mixture in the Hindu is very interesting because it happened to the three major races of mankind living in the surrounding continents. Anthropological discoveries add much complexity to the study of racial problems in the cluster island. There is no doubt that Java should be considered where tingal one of the earliest human race. In 1890 Dr. Eugene Dubolis found the remains of a skeleton that seems to not be classified either as an ape or a human. Scientific discussions about the remains of "Pithecanthopus erectus" (the name suggested Dubois) resulted in an uncertain conclusion. For a long time, few new discoveries that are biased to explain this difficult problem. But 40 years later, this picture changed suddenly.

Between 1931 and 1941, anthropologist Oppenoorth and Von Koenigswald discovered fossil remains of some ancient human species originating from the early or mid-Pleistocene Kala. All of these findings occurred in the vicinity of Surakarta in Java Tenggah. The discovery turned out to be very important for anthropology and biology in general. But it did not mean for the history of Indonesia. People Indonesia primeval descendants of immigrants from Asia.

Between the time of the arrival of immigrants Pithecanthpopus and there may be thousands of times throughout the centuries. There are several theories regarding the ethnological development of Indonesia. Linguistic and racial situation is very complex. Several hundreds of languages ??in the islands dipercakapan Indonesai, and often several languages ??were spoken in a small island. Residents of the small area can consist of a very different racial types. There is not one island, betapun slight, the population is not a racial mix-ups, and in all the islands (except Java) we discover primitive tribes living alongside people with a high degree of civilization. One of the most striking aspect of this problem was that in every big island there is a big difference between coastal and inland populations. P. and F. Sarasin brothers, the famous explorer interior of Sulawesi, is the first by scientists who formulate a plausible theory of civilization among the tribes of the interior with the inhabitants of this coast.

This theory was later further developed by other anthropologists, anthropology. Sarasins theory is that the indigenous population of Indonesia is archipelago is a dark-skinned race of small stature, and that this race was originally inhabited the whole of southeastern Asia. At that time the area is one solid land. Of course, from the period glasia ice never covered the islands of the East Indies, but at the end of the last glacial period the sea level rose so high that the South China Sea and Java Sea are formed and separating the volcanic mountainous region of Indonesia from the mainland. In vain the natives considered separate still live in rural areas, while coastal areas inhabited by the recently formed new arrivals. Sarasins descendants of the original race was called Vedda people, according to the name of one of the most famous tribes who entered this group, the ethnic group in Cambodia Hieng, Miao and Yao-tse-jen in China, as well as Senoi in peninsula Malaya.

In the islands of Indonesia are the people who live in the Sumatran jungle (stronghold, Lubu, and Mamak) and Toala in Sulawesi. Research in the future allow further decomposition of the complex threads that make up the pattern of racial Indonesia. Collection of anthropological and archaeological evidence seems to indicate that the oldest population of the Indonesian archipelago is closely related to Melanesian ancestors of today and that "Vedda" mentioned Sarasin include negrito race which, although rare, there are still all over Africa, South Asia, and Oceania. So Vadda is "immigration" into the world's first island is uninhabited and still can be distinguished from their predecessors thanks to the model of stone tools they left behind. Both races must have been living on the stage "mesolitik" primitive culture. Long after the arrival of two new wave of immigrants Negrito spread in Indonesia. They are clearly the type of neolithic culture and their early settlements that resemble ancient Chinese pottery. The newcomer is certainly much larger than the native population and their arrival forced the natives and earlier immigrants who come seeking refuge in the forests. Even today people from the tribes of this nation shy and rarely seen unless they visited the place in the interior are still wild.

They had no choice but to merge or perish. Sarasins newcomer is called the Proto Malays and Deutero Malay. Since their arrival in two waves of migration, separated in time limit which, according to estimates more than 2,000 years. Proto Malay grandmother monyang believed was possible from all the people who are now considered entry Malay Polynesian groups which spread from Madagascar to the easternmost islands in the Pacific, they are expected to migrate to the Indonesian archipelago from southern China. In China their original place of residence is estimated to lie in a region roughly including the Yunnan province now. From there they migrated to Indonesia and Siam, and then to the Islands of Indonesia.

Their arrival seemed simultaneously with the emergence of the first neolithic tools in Indonesia and thus can be set on around 3,000 BC. According to the theory Sarasin, a descendant of Proto Malays in turn pushed inland by the arrival of new immigrants, Deutero Malays, who also came from the northern part of Indochina and surrounding regions. Deutero Malay identified with the person who introduced iron tools and weapons into the world of the Indonesian archipelago. Studies on the development of civilization in Indochina seemed to indicate a date for the event: the immigration took place between 300 and 200 BC. By itself Proto Malays and Deutero Malay mingle freely, which explains the difficulty to distinguish the two racial groups were among the people of Indonesia. Proto Malay deemed to include Alas and Gayo in northern Sumatra and the Toraja in Sulawesi. Almost everyone else in Indonesia, except the people of Papua and nearby islands, included in class Deutero Malay.